OBJECT = CATALOG OBJECT = MISSION MISSION_NAME = VIKING OBJECT = MSNINFO MISSION_START_DATE = 1968 MISSION_STOP_DATE = 1982 MISSION_ALIAS_NAME = VIKING75 MISSION_DESC = "The Viking mission to Mars was comprised of four spacecraft: the two orbiters VO-1 and VO-2, and the landers VL-1 and VL-2. During cruise to Mars the landers were attached to the orbiters; the combined spacecraft were then known as Viking 1 and 2. The role of the orbiters was to transport the landers to Mars, to carry reconnaissance instruments for certifying the landing sites, to act as relay stations for lander data, and to perform their own scientific investigations. The initial orbit periapses were placed over the candidate landing sites to allow for maximum viewing resolution and relay of the lander data. After the prime lander missions were completed, the orbiters' orbits were allowed to drift so that the entire planetary surface could be systematically mapped by the three remote sensing experiments. The Viking 1 spacecraft was launched August 20, 1975, and arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976. The lander was deployed to the Mars surface on July 20. 1976. Viking 2 was launched September 9, 1975 and arrived at Mars August 7, 1976; the VL-2 landed on Sept. 3 1976. The VL-1 lander location is +22 degrees, 48 degrees longitude. The VO-1 orbital inclination of 38-39 degrees was chosen to optimize communication with the VL-1. VL-2 landed at a more northerly site: +48 degrees, 226 longitude. The VO-2 orbit was correspondingly more inclined; initially 55 degrees, it was later adjusted to 80 degrees, providing particularly good coverage of polar regions." MISSION_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "The Viking mission to Mars sought to address several broad scientific questions: 1) What are the characteristics of the Martian surface, its chemistry, and its physical nature? 2) What are the constituents and the physical structure of the upper and lower atmosphere, and what events led to its present composition? 3) What is the nature of Martian climate, and what governs the daily and seasonal changes? 4) What is the internal structure of Mars and its history? 5) Has life ever started on Mars? To answer these questions, the Viking spacecraft carried instruments assigned to 13 scientific investigations. See spacecraft_description and associated references." OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VO1 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = LAUNCH SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-08-20 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1975-08-20 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 1 spacecraft was launched on August 20 1975 on a Titan Centaur 3 booster from Cape Canaveral, Florida." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VO1 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = CRUISE SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-08-20 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1976-06-19 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 1 spacecraft, comprised of the VO1 and VL1 orbiter and lander, cruised to Mars for about 10 months, during which time pictures of Earth, Jupiter, Mars, and star fields were acquired by the orbiter cameras. The MAWD instrument and the lander were checked out periodically during cruise. The IRTM obtained Mars data to measure instrument off-axis sensitivity. Between 120 and 30 hours prior to Mars orbit insertion many observations of Mars were performed to get an overall view of the planet with the three remote sensing instruments and especially to obtain three-color pictures." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VO1 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = ENCOUNTER SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1976-06-19 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1980-08-17 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 1 spacecraft, comprised of the VO1 and VL1 orbiter and lander, arrived at Mars in June of 1976 and commenced operations in support of the choice of a landing site for VL1. The orbiter Primary Mission ended on Nov. 5 1976 at the beginning of solar conjunction. The overall Viking Extended Mission commenced on Dec. 14 1976 after solar conjunction, and included VO1 close encounter with the Martian moon Phobos in early 1977. The Extended Mission ended May 31 1978, and was replaced by the Continuation Mission, May 25 1978 to Feb. 26 1979. An interim period to July 19 1979 was followed by the Survey Mission, through Nov. 5 1979, during which VO1 obtained contiguous high-resolution coverage of Martian cratered terrain to help plan future Mars landings. VO1 ran out of attitude control gas and was turned off in August 1980." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VO2 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = LAUNCH SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-09-09 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1975-09-09 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 2 spacecraft was launched on September 9 1975 on a Titan Centaur 3 booster from Cape Canaveral, Florida." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VO2 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = CRUISE SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-09-09 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1976-08-07 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 2 spacecraft, comprised of the VO2 and VL2 orbiter and lander, cruised to Mars for about 11 months, during which time pictures of Mars and other targets were acquired by the orbiter cameras. The MAWD instrument and the lander were checked out periodically during cruise. The IRTM obtained Mars data to measure instrument off-axis sensitivity. Prior to Mars orbit insertion many observations of Mars were performed to get an overall view of the planet with the three remote sensing instruments and especially to obtain three-color pictures." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VO2 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = ENCOUNTER SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = ORBITER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1976-08-07 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1978-07-25 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 2 spacecraft, comprised of the VO2 and VL2 orbiter and lander, arrived at Mars in August of 1976 and commenced operations in support of the choice of a landing site for VL2. The VO2 Primary Mission ended on Nov. 8 1976 at the beginning of solar conjunction. The overall Viking Extended Mission commenced on Dec. 14 1976 after solar conjunction, and included close encounters with the Martian moon Deimos in October 1977. The Extended Mission ended May 31 1978, and was replaced by the Continuation Mission, beginning May 25 1978. VO2 ran out of attitude control gas and was turned off on July 25 1978 (revolution number 706)." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VL1 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = LAUNCH SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = LANDER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-08-20 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1975-08-20 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 1 spacecraft was launched on August 20 1975 on a Titan Centaur 3 booster from Cape Canaveral, Florida." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VL1 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = CRUISE SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = LANDER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-08-20 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1976-07-20 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 1 spacecraft, comprised of the VO1 and VL1 orbiter and lander, cruised to Mars for about 10 months, during which time the lander was checked out periodically. Between arrival at Mars June 19 and descent of the lander July 20, landing sites were studied using orbiter measurements, and the lander performance was tested." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VL1 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = LANDED SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = LANDER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1976-07-20 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1982-11-05 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The VL1 spacecraft separated from the VO1 orbiter and descended to the Martian surface on July 20 1976. Its primary mission goals were accomplished ending Nov. 2 1976, when solar conjunction of Mars limited communications. The overall Viking Extended Mission commenced on Dec. 14 1976 after solar conjunction, and included completion of soil sampler and biology experiment operations. The Extended Mission ended May 31 1978, and was replaced by the Lander Continuation Automatic Mission, (LCAM), May 25 1978 to Nov. 30 1978. An interim period to March 5 1979 was followed by the Long-term Automatic Mission, through July 1979, during which VL1 obtained meteorology and imaging data. A Survey Mission was defined between July 1979 and loss of communications with VL1 in Nov. 1982. This was the longest operating Viking spacecraft." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VL2 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = LAUNCH SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = LANDER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-09-09 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1975-09-09 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 2 spacecraft was launched on September 9 1975 on a Titan Centaur 3 booster from Cape Canaveral, Florida." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VL2 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = CRUISE SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = LANDER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1975-09-09 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1976-09-03 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The Viking 2 spacecraft, comprised of the VO2 and VL2 orbiter and lander, cruised to Mars for about 11 months, during which time the lander was checked out periodically. Between arrival at Mars August 7 and descent of the lander September 3,landing sites were studied using orbiter measurements, and the lander performance was tested." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO SPACECRAFT_ID = VL2 TARGET_NAME = MARS MISSION_PHASE_TYPE = LANDED SPACECRAFT_OPERATIONS_TYPE = LANDER MISSION_PHASE_START_TIME = 1976-09-03 MISSION_PHASE_STOP_TIME = 1980-04-11 MISSION_PHASE_DESC = "The VL2 spacecraft separated from the VO2 orbiter and descended to the Martian surface on September 3 1976. Its primary mission goals were accomplished ending in November 1976, when solar conjunction of Mars limited communications. The overall Viking Extended Mission commenced on Dec. 14 1976 after solar conjunction, and included completion of soil sampler and biology experiment operations. The Extended Mission ended May 31 1978, and was replaced by the Lander Continuation Automatic Mission, (LCAM), June 14 1978 to Nov. 13 1978. An interim period to Feb. 17 1979 was followed by the Long-term Automatic Mission, through May 1979, during which VL2 obtained meteorology and imaging data. A Survey Mission was defined between March 25 1979 and Feb. 1 1980. The last VL2 communications were sent to Earth April 11 1980." END_OBJECT = MSNPHSINFO END_OBJECT = MSNINFO OBJECT = MSNREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SOFFEN1977 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Viking Project', G. A. Soffen, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, p. 3959, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. A. SOFFEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = MSNREFINFO OBJECT = MSNREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SNYDER1977 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Missions of the Viking Orbiters', C.W. Snyder, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, p. 3971, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "C. W. SNYDER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = MSNREFINFO OBJECT = MSNREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SNYDER1979 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1979 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Extended Mission of Viking', C.W. Snyder, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 84, p. 7917, 1979." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "C. W. SNYDER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = MSNREFINFO END_OBJECT = MISSION OBJECT = SPACECRAFT SPACECRAFT_ID = VO1 OBJECT = SCINFO LAUNCH_DATE = 1975-08-20 INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "VIKING ORBITER 1" INSTRUMENT_HOST_TYPE = SPACECRAFT SPACECRAFT_DESC = "The Viking spacecraft consisted of two orbiters, each with a heat-sterilized lander within a capsule. Together with fuel they each weighed 3530 kg just after launch. After landing, their masses were about 900 kg for the orbiters and 600 kg for each lander. The orbiters, derived from earlier Mariner designs, were powered by solar panels and were stabilized in three axes by use of solar and star sensors in conjunction with attitude control jets. Three remote sensing science investigations resided on the two-axis scan platform: a pair of high resolution slow scan televison framing cameras (the Visual Imaging Subsystem, or VIS); a near-infrared spectrometer for atmospheric water detection (the Mars Atmosphere Water Detector, MAWD); and a visual and thermal infrared radiometer system (Infrared Thermal Mapper, IRTM). The landers each carried two facsimile cameras providing stereo views of the surface; a boom-mounted set of meteorology instruments; an X-ray fluorescence experiment for inorganic chemical analysis of soil; a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer to measure the soil and atmosphere; three biology experiments: the pyrolytic release, labeled release, and gas exchange systems; a seismometer; a magnetic properties experiment. Soil physical properties experiments were carried out using several of the abovementioned systems. Upper atmosphere measurements were performed using detectors on the landers during entry through the atmosphere. Finally, radio science was done using transmitters and receivers on both the orbiters and landers. An extensible arm and scoop system on each lander was programmable to acquire samples of soil and rock for analysis on board the landers and to affect the local environment for visual inspection." END_OBJECT = SCINFO OBJECT = PLATFORM PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = "SCAN PLATFORM" PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_DESC = "The three Viking orbiter science instruments are mounted on a scan platform that provides temperature control for them and pointing in two axes: cone and clock. The platform can be rotated in cone and/or clock at rates of 0.25 or 1.0 degree/sec. Subroutines stored in the memory of the on-board computer can be called upon to move the platform in specified patterns. The nominal range of motion possible for the scan platform is from 45 to 175 degrees cone and 80 to 310 clock; however, there are mechanical constraints that reduce this range. See reference." END_OBJECT = PLATFORM OBJECT = SCREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SOFFEN1977 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Viking Project', G. A. Soffen, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, p. 3959, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. A. SOFFEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = SCREFINFO OBJECT = SCREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SNYDER1977 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Missions of the Viking Orbiters', C.W. Snyder, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, p. 3971, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "C. W. SNYDER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = SCREFINFO OBJECT = SCREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SNYDER1979 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1979 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Extended Mission of Viking', C.W. Snyder, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 84, p. 7917, 1979." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "C. W. SNYDER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = SCREFINFO END_OBJECT = SPACECRAFT OBJECT = SPACECRAFT SPACECRAFT_ID = VO2 OBJECT = SCINFO LAUNCH_DATE = 1975-09-09 INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "VIKING ORBITER 2" INSTRUMENT_HOST_TYPE = SPACECRAFT SPACECRAFT_DESC = "The Viking spacecraft consisted of two orbiters, each with a heat-sterilized lander within a capsule. Together with fuel they each weighed 3530 kg just after launch. After landing, their masses were about 900 kg for the orbiters and 600 kg for each lander. The orbiters, derived from earlier Mariner designs, were powered by solar panels and were stabilized in three axes by use of solar and star sensors in conjunction with attitude control jets. Three remote sensing science investigations resided on the two-axis scan platform: a pair of high resolution slow scan televison framing cameras (the Visual Imaging Subsystem, or VIS); a near-infrared spectrometer for atmospheric water detection (the Mars Atmosphere Water Detector, MAWD); and a visual and thermal infrared radiometer system (Infrared Thermal Mapper, IRTM). The landers each carried two facsimile cameras providing stereo views of the surface; a boom-mounted set of meteorology instruments; an X-ray fluorescence experiment for inorganic chemical analysis of soil; a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer to measure the soil and atmosphere; three biology experiments: the pyrolytic release, labeled release, and gas exchange systems; a seismometer; a magnetic properties experiment. Soil physical properties experiments were carried out using several of the abovementioned systems. Upper atmosphere measurements were performed using detectors on the landers during entry through the atmosphere. Finally, radio science was done using transmitters and receivers on both the orbiters and landers. An extensible arm and scoop system on each lander was programmable to acquire samples of soil and rock for analysis on board the landers and to affect the local environment for visual inspection." END_OBJECT = SCINFO OBJECT = PLATFORM PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = "SCAN PLATFORM" PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_DESC = "The three Viking orbiter science instruments are mounted on a scan platform that provides temperature control for them and pointing in two axes: cone and clock. The platform can be rotated in cone and/or clock at rates of 0.25 or 1.0 degree/sec. Subroutines stored in the memory of the on-board computer can be called upon to move the platform in specified patterns. The nominal range of motion possible for the scan platform is from 45 to 175 degrees cone and 80 to 310 clock; however, there are mechanical constraints that reduce this range. See reference." END_OBJECT = PLATFORM OBJECT = SCREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SOFFEN1977 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Viking Project', G. A. Soffen, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, p. 3959, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "G. A. SOFFEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = SCREFINFO OBJECT = SCREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = SNYDER1977 OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "MISSION DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977 REFERENCE_DESC = "'The Missions of the Viking Orbiters', C.W. Snyder, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 82, p. 3971, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "C. W. SNYDER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = SCREFINFO END_OBJECT = SPACECRAFT OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT SPACECRAFT_ID = "VO1" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISA" OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "VISUAL IMAGING SUBSYSTEM - CAMERA A" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = "VIDICON CAMERA" PI_PDS_USER_ID = MCARR NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1974-05-01 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 22.7 INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 0.937 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = "JPL" INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN07" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter was equipped with two identical vidicon cameras. The camera system is commonly called the Visual Imaging Subsystem (VIS). Each camera consists of a telescope, a slow scan vidicon, a filter wheel, and associated electronics. The filter wheel contains blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red filters. The angular field of view as defined by the reseau pattern is 1.51 by 1.69 degrees. Since the scan lines go beyond the reseau pattern in the line direction the active field of view is about 1.54 degrees in this direction. The actual ground area covered by an image varies as a function of spacecraft altitude and emission angle. The digital image is generated by scanning the vidicon face plate. The signal is digitized as a 7-bit number. The image contains 1056 horizontal lines. There are 1182 samples in each line exposed to incoming light. The vidicon samples 11 pixels on either side of the raster onto an opaque mask located at the front of each vidicon. Hence, 1204 samples per line are telemetered to Earth, but only 1182 contain information. Each camera can be commanded to acquire an image every 8.96 seconds. By alternating cameras, an image can be taken every 4.48 seconds." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "The first objective of the imaging system was to characterize potential landing sites in support of site selection. Additional objectives of the imaging system were to study the photometric and colorimetric properties of the surface discovered by Mariner 9 in order to better understand the geological history of Mars' atmosphere." INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "The radiometric calibration converts the digitized signal received from the camera (DN value) into a quantity that is proportional to the radiance reaching the sensor. The sensitivity of the vidicon varies across the field of view. The sensitivity of the vidicon also varies with time. Each Viking Orbiter imaging instrument was calibrated before flight. In addition, changes in the calibration over time have been estimated from analyses of images of deep space and dust storms. The radiometric calibration applies additive and multiplicative corrections that account for the varying sensitivity of the vidicon. The resulting values are proportional to radiance factor, which is defined as the ratio of the observed radiance to the radiance of a normally illuminated lambertian reflector of unit reflectance at the same heliocentric distance. The geometric calibration removes electronic distortions and transforms the point perspective geometry of the original image into a map projection. The electronic distortions are barrelshaped distortions from the electron beam readout and complex distortions from interactions between the charge on the vidicon face plate and the electron beam. The electronic distortions are modeled by comparing the undistorted locations of reseau marks with the actual locations in an image." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter camera contained a filter wheel with five filters and a clear position, i.e., no filter. An image could be acquired using one of the six filters types, which included blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red. The filter wheel could be stepped only one position between each exposure. Three mode parameters or camera states could be set for a given exposure. There was the light flood condition flag. Light flooding was used to reduce the residual image from the previous exposure. Eight small incandescent bulbs exposed the vidicon beyond saturation. There were also two gain states: low and high. The high gain state increased the gain by a factor of 2. There was also an exposure offset that would provide a positive signal (DN) from the camera even for a zero exposure." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = "VISA" DETECTOR_TYPE = "VIDICON" DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 1.12 MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.65 NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 288 DETECTOR_DESC = "The VIS detector is a Westinghouse 5166 selenium vidicon. It is about 3.7 cm (1-1/2 in.) in diameter." SENSITIVITY_DESC = "The saturation current from the vidicon is 45 nA. The residual dark current is 0.7 nA. The response of the visual imaging subsystem is linear to first order. Analyses of imaging data acquired inflight indicate that the system is linear to within 3% over its dynamic range." END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISA" ELECTRONICS_DESC = "About 1000 electronic parts (e.g., vidicon filament voltage and alignment current regulators) were included per camera, divided between the camera head and an auxiliary chassis. (see Wellman et al, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 1 FILTER_NAME = "BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 2 FILTER_NAME = "MINUS BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.48 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 3 FILTER_NAME = "VIOLET" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.44 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 4 FILTER_NAME = "CLEAR" FILTER_TYPE = "N/A" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.52 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 5 FILTER_NAME = "GREEN" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.5 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.6 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 6 FILTER_NAME = "RED" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.59 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = "VISA" TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 0.474398 TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 0.137 TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 3.5 TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 4.974e-005 TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 0.432 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 5.33 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 0.02 TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN07" OPTICS_DESC = "The telescope was an all spherical SchmidtCassegrain design employing a Mangin primary mirror. Optical performance was 70% response at 42 line pairs per millimeter. (see Wellman et al, 1976). NOTE: The TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION given above is a line pair resolution, i.e. the geometrical size of a pixel * 2." END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = "SCAN PLATFORM" CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = -0.006 CROSS_CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = -0.697 TWIST_OFFSET_ANGLE = 89.66 INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "See Wellman et al, 1976" END_OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = "VISA" OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = "N/A" DATA_RATE = 2112000 SAMPLE_BITS = 7 TOTAL_FOVS = 1 OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = "RECTANGULAR" FOVS = 1 HORIZONTAL_FOV = 1.693 VERTICAL_FOV = 1.54 HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADIANCE" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = "WATT/(METER*METER)/STERADIAN" SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIXEL" MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.00142 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 1 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 2 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 3 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 4 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 5 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 6 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is low, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".G." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".GD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LG." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LGD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "WELLMANETAL1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-11-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Wellman, J. B., F. P. Landauer, D. D. Norris, and T. E. Thorpe, The Viking Orbiter visual imaging subsystem, J. Spacecr. Rockets, 13, 660-666, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JOHN B. WELLMAN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "FREDERICK P. LANDAUER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "DAVID D. NORRIS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "KLAASENETAL1977" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "OPERATIONS REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "APPLIED OPTICS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977-12-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Klaasen, K. P., T. E. Thorpe, and L. A. Morabito, Inflight performance of the Viking visual imaging subsystem, Applied Optics, 16, 3158-3170, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "KENNETH P. KLAASEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "LINDA A. MORABITO" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "BENESH1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "CALIBRATION REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "JPL PUBLICATION" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-03-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Benesh, M., and T. Thorpe, Viking Orbiter 1975 visual imaging subsystem calibration report, JPL document 611-125, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "M. BENESH" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT SPACECRAFT_ID = "VO1" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISB" OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "VISUAL IMAGING SUBSYSTEM - CAMERA B" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = "VIDICON CAMERA" PI_PDS_USER_ID = MCARR NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1974-05-01 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 22.7 INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 0.937 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = "JPL" INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN04" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter was equipped with two identical vidicon cameras. The camera system is commonly called the Visual Imaging Subsystem (VIS). Each camera consists of a telescope, a slow scan vidicon, a filter wheel, and associated electronics. The filter wheel contains blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red filters. The angular field of view as defined by the reseau pattern is 1.51 by 1.69 degrees. Since the scan lines go beyond the reseau pattern in the line direction the active field of view is about 1.54 degrees in this direction. The actual ground area covered by an image varies as a function of spacecraft altitude and emission angle. The digital image is generated by scanning the vidicon face plate. The signal is digitized as a 7-bit number. The image contains 1056 horizontal lines. There are 1182 samples in each line exposed to incoming light. The vidicon samples 11 pixels on either side of the raster onto an opaque mask located at the front of each vidicon. Hence, 1204 samples per line are telemetered to Earth, but only 1182 contain information. Each camera can be commanded to acquire an image every 8.96 seconds. By alternating cameras, an image can be taken every 4.48 seconds." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "The first objective of the imaging system was to characterize potential landing sites in support of site selection. Additional objectives of the imaging system were to study the photometric and colorimetric properties of the surface discovered by Mariner 9 in order to better understand the geological history of Mars' atmosphere." INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "The radiometric calibration converts the digitized signal received from the camera (DN value) into a quantity that is proportional to the radiance reaching the sensor. The sensitivity of the vidicon varies across the field of view. The sensitivity of the vidicon also varies with time. Each Viking Orbiter imaging instrument was calibrated before flight. In addition, changes in the calibration over time have been estimated from analyses of images of deep space and dust storms. The radiometric calibration applies additive and multiplicative corrections that account for the varying sensitivity of the vidicon. The resulting values are proportional to radiance factor, which is defined as the ratio of the observed radiance to the radiance of a normally illuminated lambertian reflector of unit reflectance at the same heliocentric distance. The geometric calibration removes electronic distortions and transforms the point perspective geometry of the original image into a map projection. The electronic distortions are barrelshaped distortions from the electron beam readout and complex distortions from interactions between the charge on the vidicon face plate and the electron beam. The electronic distortions are modeled by comparing the undistorted locations of reseau marks with the actual locations in an image." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter camera contained a filter wheel with five filters and a clear position, i.e., no filter. An image could be acquired using one of the six filters types, which included blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red. The filter wheel could be stepped only one position between each exposure. Three mode parameters or camera states could be set for a given exposure. There was the light flood condition flag. Light flooding was used to reduce the residual image from the previous exposure. Eight small incandescent bulbs exposed the vidicon beyond saturation. There were also two gain states: low and high. The high gain state increased the gain by a factor of 2. There was also an exposure offset that would provide a positive signal (DN) from the camera even for a zero exposure." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = "VISB" DETECTOR_TYPE = "VIDICON" DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 1.12 MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.65 NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 288 DETECTOR_DESC = "The VIS detector is a Westinghouse 5166 selenium vidicon. It is about 3.7 cm (1-1/2 in.) in diameter." SENSITIVITY_DESC = "The saturation current from the vidicon is 46 nA. The residual dark current is 0.4 nA. The response of the visual imaging subsystem is linear to first order. Analyses of imaging data acquired inflight indicate that the system is linear to within 3% over its dynamic range." END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISB" ELECTRONICS_DESC = "About 1000 electronic parts (e.g., vidicon filament voltage and alignment current regulators) were included per camera, divided between the camera head and an auxiliary chassis. (see Wellman et al, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 1 FILTER_NAME = "BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 2 FILTER_NAME = "MINUS BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.48 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 3 FILTER_NAME = "VIOLET" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.44 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 4 FILTER_NAME = "CLEAR" FILTER_TYPE = "N/A" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.52 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 5 FILTER_NAME = "GREEN" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.5 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.6 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 6 FILTER_NAME = "RED" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.59 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = "VISB" TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 0.474448 TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 0.137 TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 3.5 TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 4.974e-005 TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 0.43 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 5.34 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 0.02 TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN08" OPTICS_DESC = "The telescope was an all spherical SchmidtCassegrain design employing a Mangin primary mirror. Optical performance was 70% response at 42 line pairs per millimeter. (see Wellman et al, 1976.) NOTE: The TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION given above is a line pair resolution, i.e., the geometrical size of a pixel * 2." END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = "SCAN PLATFORM" CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = -0.032 CROSS_CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = 0.681 TWIST_OFFSET_ANGLE = 90.07 INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "See Wellman et al, 1976" END_OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = "VISB" OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = "N/A" DATA_RATE = 2112000 SAMPLE_BITS = 7 TOTAL_FOVS = 1 OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = "RECTANGULAR" FOVS = 1 HORIZONTAL_FOV = 1.692 VERTICAL_FOV = 1.533 HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADIANCE" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = "WATT/(METER*METER)/STERADIAN" SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIXEL" MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.00142 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 1 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 2 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 3 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 4 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 5 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 6 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "(see Wellman et al, 1976)" OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".G." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".GD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LG." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LGD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "WELLMANETAL1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-11-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Wellman, J. B., F. P. Landauer, D. D. Norris, and T. E. Thorpe, The Viking Orbiter visual imaging subsystem, J. Spacecr. Rockets, 13, 660-666, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JOHN B. WELLMAN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "FREDERICK P. LANDAUER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "DAVID D. NORRIS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "KLAASENETAL1977" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "OPERATIONS REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "APPLIED OPTICS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977-12-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Klaasen, K. P., T. E. Thorpe, and L. A. Morabito, Inflight performance of the Viking visual imaging subsystem, Applied Optics, 16, 3158-3170, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "KENNETH P. KLAASEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "LINDA A. MORABITO" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "BENESH1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "CALIBRATION REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "JPL PUBLICATION" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-03-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Benesh, M., and T. Thorpe, Viking Orbiter 1975 visual imaging subsystem calibration report, JPL document 611-125, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "M. BENESH" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT SPACECRAFT_ID = "VO2" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISA" OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "VISUAL IMAGING SUBSYSTEM - CAMERA A" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = "VIDICON CAMERA" PI_PDS_USER_ID = "MCARR" NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1974-05-01 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 22.7 INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 0.937 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = "JPL" INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN08" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter was equipped with two identical vidicon cameras. The camera system is commonly called the Visual Imaging Subsystem (VIS). Each camera consists of a telescope, a slow scan vidicon, a filter wheel, and associated electronics. The filter wheel contains blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red filters. The angular field of view as defined by the reseau pattern is 1.51 by 1.69 degrees. Since the scan lines go beyond the reseau pattern in the line direction the active field of view is about 1.54 degrees in this direction. The actual ground area covered by an image varies as a function of spacecraft altitude and emission angle. The digital image is generated by scanning the vidicon face plate. The signal is digitized as a 7-bit number. The image contains 1056 horizontal lines. There are 1182 samples in each line exposed to incoming light. The vidicon samples 11 pixels on either side of the raster onto an opaque mask located at the front of each vidicon. Hence, 1204 samples per line are telemetered to Earth, but only 1182 contain information. Each camera can be commanded to acquire an image every 8.96 seconds. By alternating cameras, an image can be taken every 4.48 seconds." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "The first objective of the imaging system was to characterize potential landing sites in support of site selection. Additional objectives of the imaging system were to study the photometric and colorimetric properties of the surface discovered by Mariner 9 in order to better understand the geological history of Mars' atmosphere." INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "The radiometric calibration converts the digitized signal received from the camera (DN value) into a quantity that is proportional to the radiance reaching the sensor. The sensitivity of the vidicon varies across the field of view. The sensitivity of the vidicon also varies with time. Each Viking Orbiter imaging instrument was calibrated before flight. In addition, changes in the calibration over time have been estimated from analyses of images of deep space and dust storms. The radiometric calibration applies additive and multiplicative corrections that account for the varying sensitivity of the vidicon. The resulting values are proportional to radiance factor, which is defined as the ratio of the observed radiance to the radiance of a normally illuminated lambertian reflector of unit reflectance at the same heliocentric distance. The geometric calibration removes electronic distortions and transforms the point perspective geometry of the original image into a map projection. The electronic distortions are barrelshaped distortions from the electron beam readout and complex distortions from interactions between the charge on the vidicon face plate and the electron beam. The electronic distortions are modeled by comparing the undistorted locations of reseau marks with the actual locations in an image." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter camera contained a filter wheel with five filters and a clear position, i.e., no filter. An image could be acquired using one of the six filters types, which included blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red. The filter wheel could be stepped only one position between each exposure. Three mode parameters or camera states could be set for a given exposure. There was the light flood condition flag. Light flooding was used to reduce the residual image from the previous exposure. Eight small incandescent bulbs exposed the vidicon beyond saturation. There were also two gain states: low and high. The high gain state increased the gain by a factor of 2. There was also an exposure offset that would provide a positive signal (DN) from the camera even for a zero exposure." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = "VISA" DETECTOR_TYPE = "VIDICON" DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 1.12 MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.65 NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 288 DETECTOR_DESC = "The VIS detector is a Westinghouse 5166 selenium vidicon. It is about 3.7 cm (1-1/2 in.) in diameter." SENSITIVITY_DESC = "The saturation current from the vidicon is 43 nA. The residual dark current is 0.2 nA. The response of the visual imaging subsystem is linear to first order. Analyses of imaging data acquired inflight indicate that the system is linear to within 3% over its dynamic range." END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISA" ELECTRONICS_DESC = "About 1000 electronic parts (e.g., vidicon filament voltage and alignment current regulators) were included per camera, divided between the camera head and an auxiliary chassis. (see Wellman et al, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 1 FILTER_NAME = "BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 2 FILTER_NAME = "MINUS BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.48 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 3 FILTER_NAME = "VIOLET" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.44 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 4 FILTER_NAME = "CLEAR" FILTER_TYPE = "N/A" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.52 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 5 FILTER_NAME = "GREEN" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.5 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.6 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 6 FILTER_NAME = "RED" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.59 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = "VISA" TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 0.47461 TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 0.137 TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 3.5 TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 4.973e-005 TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 0.419 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 5.41 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 0.02 TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN06" OPTICS_DESC = "The telescope was an all spherical SchmidtCassegrain design employing a Mangin primary mirror. Optical performance was 70% response at 42 line pairs per millimeter. (see Wellman et al, 1976) NOTE: The TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION give above is a line pair resolution, i.e., the geometrical size of a pixel * 2." END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = "SCAN PLATFORM" CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = -0.021 CROSS_CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = -0.684 TWIST_OFFSET_ANGLE = 89.77 INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "(see Wellman et al, 1976)" END_OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = "VISA" OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = "N/A" DATA_RATE = 2112000 SAMPLE_BITS = 7 TOTAL_FOVS = 1 OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = "RECTANGULAR" FOVS = 1 HORIZONTAL_FOV = 1.692 VERTICAL_FOV = 1.543 HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADIANCE" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = "WATT/(METER*METER)/STERADIAN" SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIXEL" MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.00142 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 1 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 2 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 3 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 4 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 5 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 6 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "(see Wellman et al, 1976)" OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".G." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".GD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LG." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LGD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "WELLMANETAL1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-11-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Wellman, J. B., F. P. Landauer, D. D. Norris, and T. E. Thorpe, The Viking Orbiter visual imaging subsystem, J. Spacecr. Rockets, 13, 660-666, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JOHN B. WELLMAN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "FREDERICK P. LANDAUER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "DAVID D. NORRIS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "KLAASENETAL1977" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "OPERATIONS REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "APPLIED OPTICS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977-12-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Klaasen, K. P., T. E. Thorpe, and L. A. Morabito, Inflight performance of the Viking visual imaging subsystem, Applied Optics, 16, 3158-3170, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "KENNETH P. KLAASEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "LINDA A. MORABITO" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "BENESH1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "CALIBRATION REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "JPL PUBLICATION" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-03-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Benesh, M., and T. Thorpe, Viking Orbiter 1975 visual imaging subsystem calibration report, JPL document 611-125, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "M. BENESH" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT SPACECRAFT_ID = "VO2" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISB" OBJECT = INSTINFO INSTRUMENT_NAME = "VISUAL IMAGING SUBSYSTEM - CAMERA B" INSTRUMENT_TYPE = "VIDICON CAMERA" PI_PDS_USER_ID = "MCARR" NAIF_DATA_SET_ID = 'N/A' BUILD_DATE = 1974-05-01 INSTRUMENT_MASS = 22.7 INSTRUMENT_HEIGHT = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_LENGTH = 0.937 INSTRUMENT_WIDTH = 0.218 INSTRUMENT_MANUFACTURER_NAME = "JPL" INSTRUMENT_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN06" INSTRUMENT_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter was equipped with two identical vidicon cameras. The camera system is commonly called the Visual Imaging Subsystem (VIS). Each camera consists of a telescope, a slow scan vidicon, a filter wheel, and associated electronics. The filter wheel contains blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red filters. The angular field of view as defined by the reseau pattern is 1.51 by 1.69 degrees. Since the scan lines go beyond the reseau pattern in the line direction the active field of view is about 1.54 degrees in this direction. The actual ground area covered by an image varies as a function of spacecraft altitude and emission angle. The digital image is generated by scanning the vidicon face plate. The signal is digitized as a 7-bit number. The image contains 1056 horizontal lines. There are 1182 samples in each line exposed to incoming light. The vidicon samples 11 pixels on either side of the raster onto an opaque mask located at the front of each vidicon. Hence, 1204 samples per line are telemetered to Earth, but only 1182 contain information. Each camera can be commanded to acquire an image every 8.96 seconds. By alternating cameras, an image can be taken every 4.48 seconds." SCIENTIFIC_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = "The first objective of the imaging system was to characterize potential landing sites in support of site selection. Additional objectives of the imaging system were to study the photometric and colorimetric properties of the surface discovered by Mariner 9 in order to better understand the geological history of Mars' atmosphere." INSTRUMENT_CALIBRATION_DESC = "The radiometric calibration converts the digitized signal received from the camera (DN value) into a quantity that is proportional to the radiance reaching the sensor. The sensitivity of the vidicon varies across the field of view. The sensitivity of the vidicon also varies with time. Each Viking Orbiter imaging instrument was calibrated before flight. In addition, changes in the calibration over time have been estimated from analyses of images of deep space and dust storms. The radiometric calibration applies additive and multiplicative corrections that account for the varying sensitivity of the vidicon. The resulting values are proportional to radiance factor, which is defined as the ratio of the observed radiance to the radiance of a normally illuminated lambertian reflector of unit reflectance at the same heliocentric distance. The geometric calibration removes electronic distortions and transforms the point perspective geometry of the original image into a map projection. The electronic distortions are barrelshaped distortions from the electron beam readout and complex distortions from interactions between the charge on the vidicon face plate and the electron beam. The electronic distortions are modeled by comparing the undistorted locations of reseau marks with the actual locations in an image." OPERATIONAL_CONSID_DESC = "Each Viking Orbiter camera contained a filter wheel with five filters and a clear position, i.e., no filter. An image could be acquired using one of the six filters types, which included blue, minus blue, violet, clear, green, and red. The filter wheel could be stepped only one position between each exposure. Three mode parameters or camera states could be set for a given exposure. There was the light flood condition flag. Light flooding was used to reduce the residual image from the previous exposure. Eight small incandescent bulbs exposed the vidicon beyond saturation. There were also two gain states: low and high. The high gain state increased the gain by a factor of 2. There was also an exposure offset that would provide a positive signal (DN) from the camera even for a zero exposure." END_OBJECT = INSTINFO OBJECT = INSTDETECT DETECTOR_ID = "VISB" DETECTOR_TYPE = "VIDICON" DETECTOR_ASPECT_RATIO = 1.12 MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.65 NOMINAL_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 288 DETECTOR_DESC = "The VIS detector is a Westinghouse 5166 selenium vidicon. It is about 3.7 cm (1-1/2 in.) in diameter." SENSITIVITY_DESC = "The saturation current from the vidicon is 43 nA. The residual dark current is 0.35 nA. The response of the visual imaging subsystem is linear to first order. Analyses of imaging data acquired inflight indicate that the system is linear to within 3% over its dynamic range." END_OBJECT = INSTDETECT OBJECT = INSTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISB" ELECTRONICS_DESC = "About 1000 electronic parts (e.g., vidicon filament voltage and alignment current regulators) were included per camera, divided between the camera head and an auxiliary chassis. (see Wellman et al, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTELEC OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 1 FILTER_NAME = "BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 2 FILTER_NAME = "MINUS BLUE" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.48 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 3 FILTER_NAME = "VIOLET" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.44 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.47 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 4 FILTER_NAME = "CLEAR" FILTER_TYPE = "N/A" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.35 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.52 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 5 FILTER_NAME = "GREEN" FILTER_TYPE = "INTERFERENCE" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.5 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.53 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.6 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTFILTER FILTER_NUMBER = 6 FILTER_NAME = "RED" FILTER_TYPE = "ABSORPTION" MINIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.55 CENTER_FILTER_WAVELENGTH = 0.59 MAXIMUM_WAVELENGTH = 0.7 MEASUREMENT_WAVE_CALBRT_DESC = "The filter transmittance was measured using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer with a spare set of filters. (see Benesh and Thorpe, 1976)" END_OBJECT = INSTFILTER OBJECT = INSTOPTICS TELESCOPE_ID = "VISB" TELESCOPE_FOCAL_LENGTH = 0.474101 TELESCOPE_DIAMETER = 0.137 TELESCOPE_F_NUMBER = 3.5 TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION = 4.978e-005 TELESCOPE_TRANSMITTANCE = 0.385 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER = 5.64 TELESCOPE_T_NUMBER_ERROR = 0.02 TELESCOPE_SERIAL_NUMBER = "SN04" OPTICS_DESC = "The telescope was an all spherical SchmidtCassegrain design employing a Mangin primary mirror. Optical performance was 70% response at 42 line pairs per millimeter. (see Wellman et al, 1976) NOTE: The TELESCOPE_RESOLUTION given above is a line pair resolution, i.e., the geometrical size of a pixel * 2." END_OBJECT = INSTOPTICS OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET PLATFORM_OR_MOUNTING_NAME = "SCAN PLATFORM" CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = -0.044 CROSS_CONE_OFFSET_ANGLE = 0.663 TWIST_OFFSET_ANGLE = 89.57 INSTRUMENT_MOUNTING_DESC = "(see Wellman et al, 1976)" END_OBJECT = SCINSTOFFSET OBJECT = INSTSECTION SECTION_ID = "VISB" OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO SCAN_MODE_ID = "N/A" DATA_RATE = 2112000 SAMPLE_BITS = 7 TOTAL_FOVS = 1 OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS FOV_SHAPE_NAME = "RECTANGULAR" FOVS = 1 HORIZONTAL_FOV = 1.693 VERTICAL_FOV = 1.538 HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 VERTICAL_PIXEL_FOV = 0.00142 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFOVS END_OBJECT = INSTSECTINFO OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_NAME = "RADIANCE" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER = 'N/A' NOISE_LEVEL = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_PARAMETER_UNIT = "WATT/(METER*METER)/STERADIAN" SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIXEL" MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = 'N/A' SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = 0.00142 SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' END_OBJECT = INSTSECTPARM OBJECT = INSTSECTDET DETECTOR_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTDET OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC ELECTRONICS_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTELEC OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 1 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 2 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 3 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 4 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 5 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT FILTER_NUMBER = 6 END_OBJECT = INSTSECTFILT OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC TELESCOPE_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTSECTOPTC END_OBJECT = INSTSECTION OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "(see Wellman et al, 1976)" OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".G." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".GD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is off, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.." GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LG." GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is off." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.D" GAIN_MODE_ID = LOW DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is low, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LGD" GAIN_MODE_ID = HIGH DATA_PATH_TYPE = 'N/A' INSTRUMENT_POWER_CONSUMPTION = 22 INSTRUMENT_MODE_DESC = "Light flood is on, gain is high, and exposure offset is on." OBJECT = INSTMODESECT SECTION_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = INSTMODESECT END_OBJECT = INSTMODEINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "WELLMANETAL1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = "JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-11-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Wellman, J. B., F. P. Landauer, D. D. Norris, and T. E. Thorpe, The Viking Orbiter visual imaging subsystem, J. Spacecr. Rockets, 13, 660-666, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JOHN B. WELLMAN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "FREDERICK P. LANDAUER" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "DAVID D. NORRIS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "KLAASENETAL1977" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "OPERATIONS REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "APPLIED OPTICS" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1977-12-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Klaasen, K. P., T. E. Thorpe, and L. A. Morabito, Inflight performance of the Viking visual imaging subsystem, Applied Optics, 16, 3158-3170, 1977." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "KENNETH P. KLAASEN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "LINDA A. MORABITO" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO OBJECT = INSTREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "BENESH1976" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "CALIBRATION REPORT" JOURNAL_NAME = "JPL PUBLICATION" PUBLICATION_DATE = 1976-03-01 REFERENCE_DESC = "Benesh, M., and T. Thorpe, Viking Orbiter 1975 visual imaging subsystem calibration report, JPL document 611-125, 1976." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "M. BENESH" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "THOMAS E. THORPE" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = INSTREFINFO END_OBJECT = SCINSTRUMENT OBJECT = SCIMAGEINST SPACECRAFT_ID = "VO1" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISA" OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..." 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EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -1.16 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "OFF" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".G." EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -1.16 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "OFF" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..D" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -1.16 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".GD" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -1.16 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.." 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EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -1.16 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "OFF" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "ON" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.D" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -1.16 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "ON" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LGD" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -1.16 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "ON" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTTEMPD DETECTOR_ID = "VISA" TEMPERATURE_TRANSLATION_DESC = UNK END_OBJECT = IMINSTTEMPD END_OBJECT = SCIMAGEINST OBJECT = SCIMAGEINST SPACECRAFT_ID = "VO2" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISB" OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..." EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "OFF" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".G." EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "OFF" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "..D" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = ".GD" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "OFF" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.." EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "OFF" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "ON" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LG." EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "OFF" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "ON" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "L.D" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "ON" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTINFO INSTRUMENT_MODE_ID = "LGD" EXPOSURE_OFFSET_NUMBER = -0.63 EXPOSURE_OFFSET_FLAG = "ON" LIGHT_FLOOD_STATE_FLAG = "ON" MINIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 3.182 MAXIMUM_INSTRUMENT_EXPOSR_DUR = 2660 END_OBJECT = IMINSTINFO OBJECT = IMINSTTEMPD DETECTOR_ID = "VISB" TEMPERATURE_TRANSLATION_DESC = UNK END_OBJECT = IMINSTTEMPD END_OBJECT = SCIMAGEINST OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V2.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "VO1/VO2 MARS VISUAL IMAGING SS EXPRMNT DATA RECORD V2.0" EVENT_START_TIME = "1976-06-22T17:59:00.469Z" EVENT_STOP_TIME = "1980-07-30T22:14:59.469Z" NATIVE_START_TIME = "N/A" NATIVE_STOP_TIME = "N/A" DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = "IMAGE" DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = "1990-12-01" PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 2 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "EDWARD A. GUINNESS" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "Y" DATA_SET_COLLECTION_MEMBER_FLG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = "1990-11-01T00:00:00.000Z" PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = UNK: DATA_SET_DESC = "This data set is a digital archive of images acquired by the Viking Orbiter 1 and 2 spacecraft. The archive will include the best available Experiment Data Record (EDR) versions of images acquired by the Viking Orbiter Visual Imaging Subsystems (VIS). The archive is stored on compact read-only optical disk media (CD-ROM) for distribution. The EDR image data are stored on CD-ROM in a compressed format that allows exact reconstruction of the original image. The images were compressed in order to reduce the number of CD-ROMs required for the archive. The average Viking Orbiter image is compressed by a factor of about 3.5. Each CD-ROM in the archive also includes documentation about the organization and contents of the disk. Software is included to provide programmers with tools to decompress image files. The CD-ROM has index files containing information about all the images stored in the archive. These index files can be loaded into a database management system to help the user locate images of interest. \n \n The EDR images in this archive have not been processed in any form other than organizing the original telemetry into raster formatted files and compressing the image data using a Huffman encoding algorithm. The reason for distributing unprocessed data rather than processed versions of the images is that the calibration files and processing procedures will continue to evolve. This is due to improvements, not only in the procedures, but also in the radiometric calibration data and in the geometric information concerning spacecraft position and pointing. By providing unprocessed images, improved image processing capabilities can be reapplied to the original unprocessed data. \n \n To make full scientific use of the image collection, it is necessary to understand the radiometric and geometric properties of the Viking Orbiter imaging systems and to perform corrections to the EDR data. A number of image processing systems are available that provide radiometric and geometric corrections, display capabilities, and analysis tools for planetary images. Further information on processing Viking Orbiter image data and the necessary radiometric and geometric calibration data is available through the PDS Image Node at the U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "In the process of preparing the EDR images for inclusion in this data set, several steps were taken to insure that the best available image data and label information were archived. The primary digital data source was a collection of magnetic tapes produced by the Planetary Image Conversion Task. These tapes, also known as the Planetary Archive tapes, constitute PDS Version 1 of the Viking Orbiter image data set (PDS data set id 'VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V1.0'). The data on the Planetary Archive tapes were derived from EDR tapes. The quality of the image data on the Planetary Archive tapes was checked for problems such as missing lines, segments of data from other images, and mismatched images and labels. Some of the images received on Earth were not available on these Planetary Archive tapes. In addition, some Viking Orbiter images were never transferred to EDR tapes. For images with data problems and for images not available from either tape source, attempts were made to retrieve the data from the Viking Master Data Record (MDR) tapes. The accuracy of the image description keywords in the image label was verified by comparing data from several sources. These sources included the PDS Central Node image catalog, image labels on the Planetary Archive tapes, and Mission Test and Imaging System (MTIS) photoproducts. In cases where there were discrepancies among the sources, label values were chosen that occurred most frequently among the sources, maintained consistency among images within a sequence, and agreed with the VIS team planning notes. For example, a discrepancy in exposure duration for an image might be resolved by choosing the value of exposure duration for other images in the same sequence. If a discrepancy could not be resolved, that keyword was assigned the value 'UNKNOWN'. As a check on the data compression procedure, each image was decompressed and compared to the original image. The compressed image file was accepted only if the results of decompression exactly matched the original image data. \n \n Many Viking Orbiter images are missing data and contain some amount of noise. A common pattern of missing data is a series of vertical bars with zero value pixels spaced at an interval of 7 samples. The 7-sample interval results from the raw data being stored on the spacecraft and transmitted to Earth in packets that contained every seventh pixel. In addition, data for a few horizontal image lines may be missing and such lines are filled with zero values. The types of noise found in Viking Orbiter images include single-pixel random noise and several sources of coherent noise. The random noise is usually due to telemetry errors. The coherent noise arises from shuttering of the adjacent camera, filter wheel stepping, and scan platform movements. If the amount of missing data and noise is large, noise removal procedures may be needed to make the image viewable. Box filtering techniques that fill in zero values or average the bright and dark spikes of random noise are often successful at noise removal. \n \n It should be noted that the EVENT_START_TIME and the EVENT_ STOP_TIME in the PDS catalog, with values 1976-06-22T17:59:00.469Z and 1980-07-30T22:14:59.469Z respectively, are the times associated with the version 1 data set VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V1.0. These times are approximately correct for the current data set but will be known more accurately only after data processing has been completed. PDS labels embedded in each image file and the index tables on the CD-ROM contain the exact times associated with each image." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "MARS" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "PHOBOS" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "DEIMOS" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "STAR" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIXEL" SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = N/A MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = N/A MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = N/A SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = N/A MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = N/A SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "DATA NUMBER" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO1" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO1" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO2" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO2" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "GUINNESSETAL1990" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "DATA SET DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = 'N/A' PUBLICATION_DATE = 1990 REFERENCE_DESC = "Guinness, E. A., S. Slavney, E. Eliason, M. Martin, and J. Hyon, Archive of Digital Images from NASA's Viking Orbiter 1 and 2 Missions, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CDROM (USA_NASA_PDS_VO_1001)." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "EDWARD A. GUINNESS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "SUSAN SLAVNEY" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "ERIC ELIASON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "MICHAEL D. MARTIN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JASON HYON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = DATASET DATA_SET_ID = "VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-BR-V2.0" OBJECT = DATASETINFO DATA_SET_NAME = "VO1/VO2 MARS VISUAL IMAGING SS EXPRMNT DATA REC BROWSE V2.0" EVENT_START_TIME = "1976-06-22T17:59:00.469Z" EVENT_STOP_TIME = "1980-07-30T22:14:59.469Z" NATIVE_START_TIME = "N/A" NATIVE_STOP_TIME = "N/A" DATA_OBJECT_TYPE = "IMAGE" DATA_SET_RELEASE_DATE = "1990-12-01" PROCESSING_LEVEL_ID = 2 PRODUCER_FULL_NAME = "EDWARD A. GUINNESS" PRODUCER_INSTITUTION_NAME = "WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY" SOFTWARE_FLAG = "N" DETAILED_CATALOG_FLAG = "Y" DATA_SET_COLLECTION_MEMBER_FLG = "N" PROCESSING_START_TIME = "1990-11-01T00:00:00.000Z" PROCESSING_STOP_TIME = UNK: DATA_SET_DESC = "This data set includes sub-sampled versions of Viking Orbiter images that are intended to facilitate rapid viewing of the image collection. The image data in these browse images have been reduced in size by sub-sampling the original image by a factor of 4 in both lines and samples. Thus, the data volume has been reduced by a factor of 16. A Viking Orbiter browse image contains 264 lines and 300 samples. A filtering procedure was used in generating the browse images because Viking Orbiter images commonly contain noisy data or are missing data. The brightness value of a pixel in a browse image is the median brightness value of an array of 4 by 4 pixels from the original image. If the 4 by 4 array of original pixels contained zero values, those zero value pixels were not used in determining the median value. Of course, if the entire 4 by 4 array contained zero value pixels, the corresponding pixel in the browse image was assigned a zero value. The browse image data set is meant to support the use of the full-resolution EDR image data set. Images from both the former ('VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-BR-V2.0') and the latter ('VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V2.0') are available on a set of CD-ROM disks. Each disk contains a selection of images presented in both browse and compressed formats." CONFIDENCE_LEVEL_NOTE = "The noise of a browse image is greatly reduced relative to the corresponding full-resolution Viking Orbiter image. However, if a large fraction of pixels in the full-resolution image are zero or noisy, the browse version may contain zero valued pixel or residual noise." END_OBJECT = DATASETINFO OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "MARS" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "PHOBOS" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "DEIMOS" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DATASETTARG TARGET_NAME = "STAR" END_OBJECT = DATASETTARG OBJECT = DSPARMINFO SAMPLING_PARAMETER_NAME = "PIXEL" SAMPLING_PARAMETER_RESOLUTION = N/A MINIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = N/A MAXIMUM_SAMPLING_PARAMETER = N/A SAMPLING_PARAMETER_INTERVAL = n/a MINIMUM_AVAILABLE_SAMPLING_INT = N/A SAMPLING_PARAMETER_UNIT = 'N/A' DATA_SET_PARAMETER_NAME = "DATA NUMBER" NOISE_LEVEL = UNK DATA_SET_PARAMETER_UNIT = DIMENSIONLESS END_OBJECT = DSPARMINFO OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO1" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO1" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO2" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISA" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = SCDSHOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = "VO2" INSTRUMENT_ID = "VISB" END_OBJECT = SCDSHOST OBJECT = DSREFINFO REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "GUINNESSETAL1990" OBJECT = REFERENCE DOCUMENT_TOPIC_TYPE = "DATA SET DESCRIPTION" JOURNAL_NAME = 'N/A' PUBLICATION_DATE = 1990 REFERENCE_DESC = "Guinness, E. A., S. Slavney, E. Eliason, M. Martin, and J. Hyon, Archive of Digital Images from NASA's Viking Orbiter 1 and 2 Missions, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CDROM (USA_NASA_PDS_VO_1001)." OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "EDWARD A. GUINNESS" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "SUSAN SLAVNEY" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "ERIC ELIASON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "MICHAEL D. MARTIN" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS OBJECT = REFAUTHORS AUTHOR_FULL_NAME = "JASON HYON" END_OBJECT = REFAUTHORS END_OBJECT = REFERENCE END_OBJECT = DSREFINFO END_OBJECT = DATASET OBJECT = SOFTWARE SOFTWARE_NAME = "MAKE_BROWSE" NODE_ID = IMAGING SOFTWARE_RELEASE_DATE = 1990 SOFTWARE_TYPE = 'N/A' COGNIZANT_FULL_NAME = "ERIC ELIASON" SOFTWARE_ACCESSIBILITY_DESC = 'N/A' SOFTWARE_DESC = "This program decompresses a compressed Viking Orbiter image and computes the median brightness value for each 4 by 4 array of pixels in the full-resolution image. The result is a reduced resolution image with most of the noise removed. The following rules are used in determining the brightness value of a pixel in a browse image. The brightness value of a pixel in a browse image is the median brightness value of an array of 4 by 4 pixels from the original image. If the 4 by 4 array of original pixels contain zero values, those zero value pixels are not used in determining the median value. Of course, if the entire 4 by 4 array contains zero value pixels, the corresponding pixel in the browse image is assigned a zero value." END_OBJECT = SOFTWARE OBJECT = DSPROCESSING SOURCE_DATA_SET_ID = VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V2.0 SOFTWARE_NAME = "MAKE_BROWSE" PRODUCT_DATA_SET_ID = VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-BR-V2.0 END_OBJECT = DSPROCESSING OBJECT = DSPROCESSING SOURCE_DATA_SET_ID = VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V1.0 SOFTWARE_NAME = N/A PRODUCT_DATA_SET_ID = VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V2.0 END_OBJECT = DSPROCESSING OBJECT = DSPROCESSING SOURCE_DATA_SET_ID = "MASTER DATA RECORD (MDR)" SOFTWARE_NAME = N/A PRODUCT_DATA_SET_ID = VO1/VO2-M-VIS-2-EDR-V2.0 END_OBJECT = DSPROCESSING END_OBJECT = CATALOG END